. 56.25 degrees Back; It is unclear how the air brakes of the trailers are relevant to unlimbered guns. However, British scientists were uncertain whether a fuze could be developed for anti-aircraft shells, which had to withstand much higher accelerations than rockets. The distance between the fuze and the target was not constant but rather constantly changing due to the high speed of the fuze and any motion of the target. This pattern changes with shrinking distance: every half wavelength in distance (a half wavelength at this frequency is about 0.7meters), the transmitter is in or out of resonance. Doppler Radar was able to detect how close objects are to the radio wave source. The proximity fuze makes the problem simpler than the previous methods. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Cheney_hunting_incident. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. [28], Prior to and following receipt of circuitry designs from the British, various experiments were carried out by Richard B. Roberts, Henry H. Porter, and Robert B. Brode under the direction of NDRC Section T Chairman Merle Tuve. How Do Aa Cannon Ammunition Work? The Japanese did not develop a robust AA defensive system. Trenches and firing pits and broken ground / shell holes provide decent cover against metal fragments from explosives that blow up when hitting the ground. Models & Kits; Military; Dnepro Model DM3518-1/35 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo ammo box scale model kit. Due to their specialist nature they tend to be more expensive and larger than their standard counterparts. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. These include rounds for the Gepard aerial flak system that Ukraine has successfully deployed against Iranian-made suicide drones, in particular. I once interviewed a WWII flak veteran, who talked about how they used their cannons against enemy infantry and soon, that became a more common use of their cannons than actually firing at airplanes. Magazines contain . While "flak" refers to anti-aircraft fire, the concept of proximity fusing and shrapnel isn't restricted to aircraft. It is used in mines and torpedoes. Another, is a barometric fuse, a fuse that's triggered when a certian altitude is reach by measuring air pressure. [20], The first reference to the concept of radar in the UK was made by W. A. S. Butement and P. E. Pollard, who constructed a small breadboard model of a pulsed radar in 1931. Thompson was sent to the British Air Defence Establishment based on the second of the two concepts. All of these earlier methods have disadvantages. hospital valet job description how does flak ammunition work. I know that UT weapons aren't supposed to be something realistic, but if someone wanted to analyze for example the flak cannon, how would it do all the stuff it is supposed to do? All aircraft were susceptible to flak. However, as the bullet had to be made by hand rather than mass-produced, Major C. Aubrey Dixon of the British Royal Arsenal at Woolwich developed a greatly improved bullet with similar incendiary capabilities. The US repeated it for N. Korea and N. Vietnam but failed again ( a whole another story) so luckily its not an era we will see again. When an 88mm projectile exploded at altitude, it sent out jagged Work was split in 1942, with Tuve's group working on proximity fuzes for shells, while the National Bureau of Standards researchers focused on the technically easier task of bombs and rockets. After so many seconds, the shell would detonate like a times bomb. The huge flak towers Hitler had built got to actual military use finally. Radio frequency sensing (radar) is the main sensing principle for artillery shells. The tweet exchange occurred on November 28 - December 4, 2014 and is below. Pilots were permitted to deploy them against only zeppelins and balloons. Flak is an acronym/initialism forthe German word, Flugabwehrkanone, meaning aircraft-defence cannon. Ammunition. Is Wolfram|Alpha just an online equation solver. Incendiary ammunition is a type of ammunition that contains a chemical that, upon hitting a hard obstacle, has the characteristic of causing fire/setting flammable materials in the vicinity of the impact on fire. Flak in the Second World War was very effective. There was a reason the official histories downplayed the effectiveness of German flak. Having a flexible doctrine, the Germans used their anti-aircraft pieces in ground support . what happened to the owners of warwick castle? This is due to the same effect. The most common type of shell contains shotround pellets of lead or steelinstead . There is a Luftwaffe flying eagle clutching a swastika in his talons at the top. It was from the cannon shells and incendiary bullets that had hit my machineBullets were going between my legs, and I remember seeing a bright flash of an incendiary bullet going past my leg into the gas tankThen a little red tongue licked out inquiringly from under the gas tank in front of my feet and became a hot little bonfire in one corner of the cockpit.". Physicorium: good all-rounder against unarmored targets, has almost twice the standard damage. By the summer of 1941 the Germans introduced their Wurzburg gun laying radar.. The reverse side is maker marked 'A' for the manufacturing firm of Assmann. When a target was nearby, it would reflect a significant portion of the oscillator's signal. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The front shows an 88 flak artillery gun in the center. The designation VT means variable time. Welcome to WWII Forums! Why dont we use flak on people. Although it gave accurate ranges, it could not produce good azimuth indications or elevation figures. But an explosion ABOVE is often lethal since those kinds of cover don't have roofs. The story mostly centres around the fighter defence and how the F4F Wildcat matched up against the vaunted A6M Zero-sen. Used for example when the enemy is situated out of the line-of-sight in a trench or behind a mound. 4. Several ideas had been considered, including optical systems that shone a light, sometimes infrared, and triggered when the reflection reached a certain threshold, various ground-triggered means using radio signals, and capacitive or inductive methods similar to a metal detector. How much is it worth today? [44] One tube was an oscillator connected to an antenna; it functioned as both a transmitter and an autodyne detector (receiver). Observers may not be practical in many situations, the ground may be uneven, and the practice is slow in any event. They provide a more sophisticated trigger mechanism than the common contact fuze or timed fuze. As early as September 1939, John Cockcroft began a development effort at Pye Ltd. to develop tubes capable of withstanding these much greater forces. Flak as we know it ( the exploding ordinance variety ) works by using fuses. Casing type: 88x571R. Notes. Winchester 9mm Ammo 100 Ct. This article focuses on which ammo to select in a given . I think the TF2 Engineer summed it up perfectly: "How am I going to stop some big mean mother hubbard from tearing me a structurally superfluous new behind? Wide vertical pin back with a c-catch. The anti-aircraft artillery range at Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico was used as one of the test facilities for the proximity fuze, where almost 50,000 test firings were conducted from 1942 to 1945. Firing Coilguns draws power from connected Supercapacitors, as well as ammunition . A common form used in modern air-to-air weapons uses a laser as an optical source and time-of-flight for ranging. Measures 1 13/16 X 2 9/16 inches. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. This signal is sent through a band-pass filter, amplified, and triggers the detonation when it exceeds a given amplitude. Tracer bullets contain a substance that burns and gives off light, aiding the gunner in aiming. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. 50 Rounds of 115gr FMJ 9mm Ammo by Winchester. So, why was the 8.8 FLAK in WW2 used by german troops against tanks? Flak, or Fliegerabwehrkanone, works by arming artillery class cannons for the use of Anti-Air duties. The Marine heavy AA guns on Guadalcanal, for example, in 1942 forced Japanese to bombers to fly higher reducing their accuracy to a great extent, but you never hear or read about it. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. And any flak that comes his way for winding up any opponents doesn't bother him, nor secretly please him, too much. But this was a false metric. As these projects moved from development into prototype form in the late 1930s, Butement turned his attention to other concepts, and among these was the idea of a proximity fuse: Into this stepped W. A. S. Butement, designer of radar sets CD/CHL and GL, with a proposal on 30 October 1939 for two kinds of radio fuze: (1) a radar set would track the projectile, and the operator would transmit a signal to a radio receiver in the fuze when the range, the difficult quantity for the gunners to determine, was the same as that of the target and (2) a fuze would emit high-frequency radio waves that would interact with the target and produce, as a consequence of the high relative speed of target and projectile, a Doppler-frequency signal sensed in the oscillator.[24]. Indeed when you compare these numbers to the more effective 128mm AA gun the numbers are intriguing. Also in 1944, fuzes were allocated to the British Army's Anti-Aircraft Command, that was engaged in defending Britain against the V-1 flying bomb. In this video, you'll find out the percentages of where Allied bombers got hit the most. Actuation can be either through an electronic circuit coupled to a microphone, or hydrophone, or mechanically using a resonating vibratory reed connected to diaphragm tone filter. Flak-damaged bombers were forced out of formation, making them easy prey (for both Allied and Axis fighter forces) for marauding fighters. The Fabricated Sniper Rifle is a ranged weapon, a more advanced version of the Longneck Rifle. [6] Flak in World War II takes the reader from the invasion of Poland in 1939 right to the last Japanese aircraft shot down by AA fire in August 1945. The obvious choice would be the Luftwaffes AA defenses, but I would point to the US Navys development of the VT fuse or radar equipped proximity fuse. Acoustic proximity fuzes are actuated by the acoustic emissions from a target (example an aircraft's engine or ship's propeller). [64] [65], During WW2, the Germans had at least five acoustic fuzes for anti-aircraft use under development, though none saw operational service. The United States Navy accepted that failure rate. The US found that flak that was high generally caused some damage to bombers but was far less likely to shoot them down than flak that was low. US $63.98. This film provides an in-depth look at the weapons and methods of Ger. Some sectioned shells from the First World War. It was first tested as a part of a detonation device for bombs that were to be dropped over bomber aircraft, part of the UK's Air Ministry's "bombs on bombers" concept. Fine condition. 8,8 cm Flak 41 Information about the 8,8 cm Flak 41. Answer (1 of 18): A good way of describing flak is a mid-air grenade. The B Mark VI incendiary bullet was packed with nitrocellulose, and a small steel ball was placed in the tip of the bullet to ensure that the chemical exploded on impact. Once a shot is fired the barrel does return back due to the recoil, I think that such force could be harvested by the two pneumatic cylinders on both sides. flak vest: [noun] a special jacket that is worn by soldiers, police officers, etc., for protection against bullets or exploding shells. By April 1945 44 percent of the flak arm was made up of people unqualified for combat, foreign nationals or prisoners of war.. Flak proved a huge benefit to fighter pilots assigned to attack incoming raids. The Flakpanzer 341 is armed with 2 37mm FlaK 44 cannons side by side in the turret. In December 1940, Tuve invited Harry Diamond and Wilbur S. Hinman, Jr, of the United States National Bureau of Standards (NBS) to investigate Berkner's improved fuze and develop a proximity fuze for rockets and bombs to use against the German Luftwaffe. Getting that right was harder than you would think with the limited means of getting the planes altitude and speed right and they would only have a few minutes at most to do so. The shell bursts at the appropriate height above ground. This meant a total of 80 rounds for M1 Garand riflemen. All of these suffered from the large size of pre-WWII electronics and their fragility, as well as the complexity of the required circuitry. The cannon was fully automatic and effective against aircraft flying at altitudes up to 4,200 m. The cannon was produced in both towed and self-propelled versions. They were not nearly as effective at puncturing bomber aircraft as armor-piercing bullets, but were far more effective than standard bullets because they could also ignite fuel if they came into contact with a fuel tank or pipeline. This permitted the purchase of over 22 million fuzes for approximately one billion dollars ($14.6 billion in 2021 USD[51]). Fuze assembly was completed at General Electric plants in Schenectady, New York and Bridgeport, Connecticut. Who does the voice of Vanessa on Phineas and Ferb? Flash Sale. By 1942 the standard loading for fixed .303s was half loaded with AP and half with incendiary bullets. German WWII Luftwaffe Flak Artillery Badge. The heavy gun could propel its 20.25-pound high-explosive shell to altitudes beyond 30,000 feet at a rate of about 15 projectiles per minute. [46] Captain S. R. Shumaker, Director of the Bureau of Ordnance's Research and Development Division, coined the term to be descriptive without hinting at the technology. When an 88mm projectile exploded at altitude, it sent out jagged metal fragments that tore through nearby aircraft. They made the Allied heavy artillery far more devastating, as all the shells now exploded just before hitting the ground. Log in or Sign up to interact with the community. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. I would point to the Luftwaffe flak defenses of the Ruhr, their larger cities like Berlin and their oil refineries. The same is true of bombers. At the time, phosphorus was the primary ingredient in the incendiary charge and ignited upon firing, leaving a trail of blue smoke. A proximity fuze (or fuse) is a fuze that detonates an explosive device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. The old man was a Vietnam vet and happened to be a gunner of said Flak guns. All of this in one go, it would not be possible to do it like it is shown ingame. Like its World War II namesake, the Flakpanzer 38 (t), the Gepard was based on the hull of an existing tank. Copyrights 2023 All Rights Reserved by Scientific Know-How Inc. Due to the increase of people asking what kind of shell they should use with their gun that has X and Y stats, here is a guide to help you pick. The pin and catch are not present. Flak in World War II takes the reader from the invasion of Poland in 1939 right to the last Japanese aircraft shot down by AA fire in August 1945. Vote! [9][33][34], In just two days, Diamond was able to come up with a new fuze design and managed to demonstrate its feasibility through extensive testing at the Naval Proving Ground at Dahlgren, Virginia. The Hush-Kit Book of Warplanes will feature the finest cuts from this site along with exclusive new articles, explosive photography and gorgeous bespoke illustrations. Automatic fuze setters were used as an 88 could fire 15-20 shells per minute and even the 128mm could manage 12 per minute. U.S. General George S. Patton credited the introduction of proximity fuzes with saving Lige and stated that their use required a revision of the tactics of land warfare. Therefore, their speed is much lower and this makes them less dangerous to those on the ground. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What is the black smoke coming out of the shells? What is the safe score in JEE Mains 2021? [64] [65], 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze, 120mm HE mortar shell fitted with M734 proximity fuze, 60mm HE mortar shell fitted with proximity fuze. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". When I say sheer firepower, in January 1944 20,625 flak guns were protecting the Reich, and even a German Flak officer estimated 4,000 x 88mm shells were needed to down one bomber. It had a low muzzle velocity and was only accurate to about 200 yards, assuming ammunition was available to fire - which was rarely. Both are surrounded by an oval oak leaf wreath. US $63.98 Scale 1/35 Resin parts - 130 pcs WWII Item 3518 German 88mm FLAK 36 ammo & ammo box Resin Kit. 3. Pye's group was apparently unable to get their rugged pentodes to function reliably under high pressures until 6 August 1941, which was after the successful tests by the American group. Heaven High, Hell Deep 1917-1918, Normal Archibald, "The Battle of Britain: Armament of the Competing Fighters", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Incendiary_ammunition&oldid=1134758731, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 20 January 2023, at 13:29. EDIT: And it's only used against airborne targets because airplanes have to be light-weight in order to be able to fly; a cloud of tiny pellets like that will shred an airplane, but won't do much against a tank or battleship or other such armored targets. [notes 1] This reflected signal would affect the oscillator's plate current, thereby enabling detection. Some naval mines use pressure fuzes which are able to detect the pressure wave of a ship passing overhead. If either is wrong, then even accurately aimed shells may explode harmlessly before reaching the target or after passing it. [14][15][16] Adm. Lewis L. Strauss wrote that, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, One of the most original and effective military developments in World War II was the proximity, or 'VT', fuze. ", Oruzhiye Podvodnogo Udara (Underwater Weapons), "The Development of the Radio Proximity Fuze", Naval Historical Centre Radio Proximity (VT) Fuzes, The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proximity_fuze&oldid=1141413451, It was important in defense from Japanese, It was an important part of the radar-controlled anti-aircraft batteries that finally neutralized the German, This page was last edited on 24 February 2023, at 23:27. Procurement contracts increased from $60 million in 1942, to $200 million in 1943, to $300 million in 1944 and were topped by $450 million in 1945. Life on Royal Navy aircraft carrier(1960), Hush-Kit Joe talking 10 favouriteaircraft, The case for the P-47 Thunderbolt being the greatest fighter of the Second WorldWar, The Republic P-47 Thunderbolt MafiaFamily, 10 things you need to know about the P-47Thunderbolt. Images of CAD renderings can be found below. Understanding how the shell types behave and when to use them is important to achieving optimum results in battle. Vote! The different roles that artillery ammunition has had to fill on the battlefield has led to many different designs and types of ammunition, some of which are discussed here And while artillery has been used by armies for hundreds of years, this article focuses on "modern" ammunition (post-1870). Shorter barrel, a little less velocity, and a good bit more stress on hollow point performance through barriers. Each unit has its own specified abilities and stats. Low and medium level flak was even more effective. 14 December, 2014. 31. The Army was suddenly extremely interested in the topic of radar, and sent Butement and Pollard to Bawdsey to form what became known as the "Army Cell". The Allied fuze used constructive and destructive interference to detect its target. At the start of The Blitz, it was estimated that it took 20,000 rounds to shoot down a single aircraft, [6] other estimates put the figure as high as 100,000[7] or as low as 2,500. The famous flak gun became one of the most feared anti-tank weapons of the Second World War, serving everywhere from the sands of North Africa to the snowy wastelands of the Russian front. Don't Panic! I was wondering how such weapon could possibly work, how would cycling ammo work with such a shape and configuration, how does the weapon remove used cartridges from the barrel, how the heck does fresh ammo get in the barrel in the first place (you just see a new shot move magically into the firing chamber). By 1944, a large proportion of the American electronics industry concentrated on making the fuzes. Flak came into English as an abbreviation for the German word Fliegerabwehrkanone, meaning aircraft-defense gun. ][clarification needed] radio doppler proximity fuze, which employed the Doppler effect of reflected radio waves using a diode detector arrangement that they devised. @JeremyECrawford already have a question. Though the days of peasant armies wielding them may be over, these archaic weapons are still legal in parts of the U.S., although not in the states of New York, New Jersey, California, Massachusetts or Pennsylvania. To shoot right click with the loaded gun in your hand and it should shoot. The flammable hydrogen gas of the zeppelins made incendiary bullets much more deadly than standard ones which would pass through the outer skin without igniting the gas. In 1944 the battleship USS Missouri bristled with twenty 5 inch, eighty 40mm and over forty-nine 20mm cannon. How did flak guns work in WW2? Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Russian Air Power* (*But Were Afraid to Ask) with Guy Plopsky: Part 1- How good is Russian air forcetraining? [33] Later, the Ordnance Development Division of the National Bureau of Standards (which became the Harry Diamond Laboratories and later merged into the Army Research Laboratory in honor of its former chief in subsequent years) developed the first automated production techniques for manufacturing radio proximity fuzes at a low cost. 50 Rounds of 124gr MC 9mm Ammo by Remington. Flak is a contraction of German Flugabwehrkanone (also referred to as Fliegerabwehrkanone) meaning aircraft-defense cannon, the original purpose of the weapon. The gun is the most visible part, but the whole system must work well to make the gun effective. British tests were then carried out with "unrotated projectiles," in this case rockets. The flak also blew up the trees, which created additional deadly shrapnel. Change). These early forms were also known as "smoke tracers" because of this. Ammunition is used by Weapons, Vehicles, and player manned defenses. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". What were the big innovations in AAA in WW2? The 128mm FlaK 40 was one of the largest anti-aircraft weapon systems employed by the Germans in World War 2. [2] The British Royal Flying Corps forbade the use of incendiary ammunition for air-to-air combat with another airplane, as their use against personnel was at first considered to be a violation of the St. Petersburg Declaration. [7], One fighter pilot who was shot down by incendiary ammunition while flying in the Battle of Britain describes his experience:[8].mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, "I could smell powder smoke, hot and strong, but it didn't make me feel tough this time. Same principle is used for special types of shrapnel ammo in the Carl Gustav recoilless rifle. Their light and medium flak over the battlefield was also highly effective and took a great toll on Allied fighter bombers. L/4.5 (Kz.) This problem was resolved by taking advantage of the change in frequency of the reflected signal. " Therefore, firing a +1 arrow from a +1 shortbow results in a +2 to the attack and damage rolls. A 155mm artillery fuze with selector for point/proximity detonation (currently set to proximity). For security reasons, and to confuse the enemy, it was initially called 'de Wilde' ammunition, even though the design was almost entirely different from the original version. Design of the type began as early as 1936 under the charge of the Rheinmetall-Borsig concern and then known as the "Gerat 40", intended as an in-the-field gun system for the German Army. While smaller shells without fuzes will need to actually hit the aircraft to damage it, most all other AAA will have some type of fuzing. [38], While working for a defense contractor in the mid-1940s, Soviet spy Julius Rosenberg stole a working model of an American proximity fuze and delivered it to Soviet intelligence. It must be remembered that Flak defences were designed, not to shoot bombers down, but to force them to drop their loads from a higher altitude and thus reduce their accuracy. Eine andere -Site. Making the right shell for your gun's role and gauge can be difficult as the sheer number of options is staggering. Exiting that black smoke is the invisible shrapnel that will hit the aircraft. "[32], A key improvement was introduced by Lloyd Berkner, who developed a system using separate transmitter and receiver circuits. Although flak jackets offered some basic protection against small caliber bullets and shell fragments (which was valued by their users), ultimately they proved to be less effective than hoped. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Flak 88 was a legendary WWII-era anti-air and an anti-tank gun used by Nazi Germany and their allies.Jul 22, 2018, Four were the different FlaKs produced and improved from 1933 until the end of WWII, 8.8 cm. There are two basic ways to do that, make the shell explode at the time when it is near the target, or make it explode when the shell is simply near the target. Its price point is 75 cents per round and its bullet weight is between 147 and 175 grains. The amplitude of the reflected signal corresponded to the closeness of the target. From left to right: 90 mm shrapnel shell, 120 mm pig iron incendiary . It was so important that it was a secret guarded to a similar level as the atom bomb project or D-Day invasion. [43] The design had four or five tubes. . The weapon was deployed on German tanks, as an antitank gun, an assault gun, and for antiaircraft purposes.Mar 8, 2016. (LogOut/ Both AA guns and the defending fighters played a role in the defence of Guadalcanal. Feb 19, 2014 Jack Beckett, Guest Author. [50] Once inspections of the finished product were complete, a sample of the fuzes produced from each lot was shipped to the National Bureau of Standards, where they were subjected to a series of rigorous tests at the specially built Control Testing Laboratory. Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. What are Lock Patterns for Android phones? The Germans used flak guns against the 82nd and allied infantry during the battles in the Ardenne. Firing pin: Strikes the back of the flare and causes it to explode and shoot off down the barrel. It is possible that this is a mistake by the author of the report, and that his is intended to refer to limbered guns . 4,000 guns were made, but they only really had value as propaganda. Also eventually pulled in were researchers from the National Bureau of Standards (this research unit of NBS later became part of the Army Research Laboratory). It examines heavy flak defences, flak over the battlefield, the failure of ship AA defences early in the war; specifically the Bismarck and the sinking of the Prince of Wales and Repulse in 1941, AA . [9] Rockets have relatively low acceleration and no spin creating centrifugal force, so the stresses on the delicate electronic fuze are relatively benign. With the invention of Jet fighters, he explained to me that the flak guns had become obsolete so they had to be repurposed. The tables below give the armor penetration figures of the most common German guns used during the Second World War. The placement of the slug magazine on the weapon doesn't make any sense even there unfortunatly. . Use a gun. How does flak work? Although not intended to start fires, tracer bullets can have a mild incendiary effect. The 3.7 cm Flak 18/36/37/43 was a series of anti-aircraft cannon produced by Nazi Germany that saw widespread service in the Second World War.
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