Nevertheless, many remain in a state of displacement. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Much of that hierarchy continued These guns brought It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. Chiefs are chosen from one lineage. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. Under Ugandan Pres. [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. before. This included both agricultural and hunting land. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. portrayed this relationship in his account as rather hostile and negative: Most of these Arabs carrying business of slave trade were coming from Egypt, they areas of the Buganda Kingdom and their main trading routes extended eastwards towards Kenya, Uma, F. K. (1971). The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Socialization. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. of as dialects of Acholi. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. comparably flat. families living together in hamlets. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. The Acholi region is bordered in the west by the districts [26], In 2016, the multi award-winning film, A Brilliant Genocide was produced. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. Land Tenure. development of the chiefdom and clan system in the 17th and 18th century that is still a vital When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. At the height of the insurgency, some 1.8 million people were living in camps in the north, and due to a combination of LRA activities and the Ugandan armys counter-offensives virtually the entire population of Acholiland was displaced. Orientation Langlands, B. W. (1971). During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Orientation In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). Domestic Unit. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Due to a changing economy, after the 1950s, fewer Acholi was recruited to the armed forces but continued to be associated with them in popular mythology and stereotypes. By the mid-nineteenth century, about 60 small chiefdoms existed in eastern Acholiland. In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Identification. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. He was defeated in January 1986. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. Central to the new order were a set of notions about political leadership in which chiefs (rwodi; sing, rwot ) shared power and decision making with the heads of chiefdoms' constituent lineages; a system of redistributive tribute within each polity, with the chief at the center; and royal, often rainmaking, drums as symbols of sovereignty and authority. Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Omissions? As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. 2008. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. The most common domestic animals are (and have long been) chickens and goats, with some cattle, especially in the dryer portions of Acholi. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Diversity Management in Sudan's Democratic Transitional Arrangements: Technical Paper 1, January 2023. The conflict had dramatic effects on the local A rebellion With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. against the central government. southern parts of the country. Apoko, Anna (1967). The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial It does not store any personal data. Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion Orientation The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. "Land Tenure in Acholi." Historically, the most important public ceremonies were probably those associated with birth, planting, harvesting, and the killing of a large animal or another human being. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. In the administrative structure of Uganda, Acholi is composed of the districts of: It encompasses about 28,500km2 (11,000 square miles) near the Uganda-Sudan border.[5]. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. (UNHCR, 2012). the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Conflict. 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. The insurgency's military. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. and tributes paid to them. . The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Religion of the Central Luo. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Movement. The Acholi are the descendants of a variety of Luo-speaking peoples who are believed to have migrated three or four centuries ago from adjacent areas of what is now South Sudan into what is now the Acholi district of Uganda. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Kin Groups and Descent. Corrections? With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. London: Oxford University Press. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 This article was most recently revised and updated by, Minority Rights Group International - World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Acholi. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Identification. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. [1994], p. 80). The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. "Acholi [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. He wrote, "Part of the structural causes of the conflict in Uganda has been explained as rooted in the 'diversity of ethnic groups which were at different levels of socio-economic development and political organisation.'
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